Bu çalışma kapsamında Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından belirlenen deniz güvenliğine yönelik tehditler, akademik literatürdeki gelişmeler göz önüne alınarak birbirleriyle benzer ve farklı özelliklerine göre sınıflandırılarak incelenmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, devlet dışı aktörler tarafından ortaya çıkan ve aynı zamanda suç oluşturan bu tehditlerin tanımlanması, uygulanacak hukukun uluslararası deniz hukukuna hâkim ilkeler çerçevesinde belirlenmesi ve tehditlerin denizlerle olan ilişkisine göre alt kategoriler altında incelenerek uygulayıcılar ve araştırmalar için bir temel teşkil etmesinin sağlanmasıdır.

Within the scope of this study, threats to maritime security determined by the United Nations are examined by classifying them according to their similar and different characteristics in accordance with developments in the academic literature. The study’s objectives are to define these threats, which are the result of nonstate actors and also constitute crimes, to determine the applicable law within the framework of the principles prevailing in the law of the sea, and to provide a basis for practitioners and researchers by examining the threats under sub-categories according to their relationship with the seas.

ÖNSÖZ 5

PREFACE  9

TABLE OF CONTENTS  13

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 15

INTRODUCTION 19

A. SUBJECT MATTER, AIM AND QUESTIONS 19

B. SCOPE AND STRUCTURE 21

C. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 24

I. MARITIME SECURITY  24

A. OVERVIEW 24

B. LEGAL SCOPE 27

C. FREEDOM OF THE SEAS UNDER MARITIME SECURITY CONCERNS 31

1. Overview 31

2. Legal Scope 35

II. CRIMINAL THREATS JEOPARDISING MARITIME SECURITY 38

A. OVERVIEW 38

B. LEGAL SCOPE 42

C. TYPES 45

1. Threats to Mobility at Sea 45

a. Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships 46

b. Maritime Terrorism 59

2. Threats to the Border and Customs Security 70

a. Drug Trafficking 70

b. Illicit Trafficking in Arms and Weapons of Mass Destruction 78

c. Smuggling and Trafficking of Persons by Sea 87

3. Threats to the Maritime Environment and Natural Resources 98

a. Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported Fishing 99

b. Intentional and Unlawful Damage to the Maritime Environment 110

-CONCLUSION 121

-ACADEMIC SOURCES 125